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Freestack retaining wall4/10/2023 ![]() When the lateral pressures are high and the wall fails in sliding, a shear key can be introduced to increase the sliding resistance. The frictional force is given by ‘µ’ times R where mu is the static friction coefficient between soil and concrete, and R is the resultant soil pressure. The resistance against sliding is mainly provided by the friction between the base slab and the soil below it. All the lateral forces try to slide the wall. ![]() Failure by Sliding Sliding of Retaining Wall Overturning and Stabilizing Forces in a Retaining wallĪll the lateral pressures will act as overturning forces while the weight of the wall and soil on the heel will act as stabilizing forces. In absence of toe, the footing base below the stem will act as centre of rotation. In this failure mode, the toe will act as centre of rotation and the wall would deform something like in the above image. Failure by Overturning Overturning of Wall Now let us understand failure modes of a cantilever retaining wall. For the analysis part, the stem is considered as a beam fixed at the base and simply supported or partially restrained at the top. In both these cases, the stem is supported by floor slab in Buildings and Deck in bridges. Basement Walls and Abutments Basement Walls and Bridge Abutmentsįifth type of retaining wall is restrained on the top and can be found in Buildings as Basement walls and in bridges as Abutments. In terms of efficiency and economy Buttress wall is preferred. Between the two, counterfort and buttress, Counterfort wall is preferred as it provides usable space in front of the wall and looks clean. Buttress Wall Buttress Wallīuttress Walls are similar to the Counterfort walls but the supports are now on the toe side and not buried in earth. These panels are now supported on 3 sides and free at one edge. The counterforts subdivide the Stem and heel into rectangular panels. These walls are provided where retention height is more than around 7 meters or 23 feet. The counterforts are concealed in the retained earth. Counterfort Wall Counterfort WallĬounterfort Walls have supports called ‘counterforts’ connecting stem and heel slabs. The main reinforcement resisting the tension forces will be provided in ‘red marked’ regions as the concrete is weak in tension. The resulting deformed shape would look something like in the above picture. The heel acts as a vertical cantilever under the action of net weight of the retained earth and the toe acts as a cantilever under the action of net soil pressure. The stem acts as a vertical cantilever under lateral earth pressure. ![]() The 3 components, which are stem, toe, and heel act as one-way cantilever slabs. It is usually used for retention height up to 8 meters or 25 feet. Cantilever Wall Cantilever Retaining WallĬantilever Wall is the most common type of retaining structure. Gravity wall is of a bigger size and usually built by stone masonry and rarely in plain concrete. First type is a Gravity Wall which retains soil by its own weight. Type of a retaining wall depends on its use. This waterproofing can be in the form of EPDM membrane or waterproofing boards. The portion of wall in contact with the soil is usually provided with some kind of waterproofing. The soil behind the stem can be coarse aggregates so that water percolates and exits via drains. Similar sloping perforated pipe may be provided below the same for water drainage. The stem may be provided with drain holes with slope for the water drainage. ![]() Some walls have a key provided in footing to prevent it from sliding. Toe and Heel slab make up for the foundation of the wall. It prevents soil from taking its natural position and makes area above and below it usable. Retaining walls are used to hold earth or any other material. So go through the full post to have a better idea about retaining walls. After that we will see types of failures in a retaining wall, then we will see general forces and behaviour of retaining walls, and lastly typical reinforcement in a cantilever retaining wall. First we will learn about general types of retaining walls and its components. In this post we will be learning about Retaining Walls. ![]()
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